Ruminant - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Rough illustration of a ruminant digestive system. A gazelle swallowing and then regurgitating food. Ruminants are mammals that are able to acquire nutrients from plant- based food by fermenting it in a specialized stomach prior to digestion, principally through microbial actions. The process typically requires the fermented ingesta (known as cud) to be regurgitated and chewed again. The process of rechewing the cud to further break down plant matter and stimulate digestion is called rumination. Ruminating mammals include cattle, goats, sheep, giraffes, yaks, deer, antelope, and some macropods. Suborder Ruminantia includes many ruminant species, but does not include tylopods and marsupials. A, dog; B, Mus decumanus; C, Mus musculus; D, weasel; E, scheme of the ruminant stomach, the arrow with the dotted line showing the course taken by the food; F, human stomach. Cma, major curvature; Cmi, minor curvature. I, Bradypus tridactylus Du, duodenum; MB, coecal diverticulum; **, outgrowths of duodenum; . A (in E and G), abomasum; Ca, cardiac division; O, psalterium; Oe, oesophagus; P, pylorus; R (to the right in E and to the left in G), rumen; R (to the left in E and to the right in G), reticulum; Sc, cardiac division; Sp, pyloric division; WZ, water- cells. The four parts are the rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum. In the first two chambers, the rumen and the reticulum, the food is mixed with saliva and separates into layers of solid and liquid material. Fiber, especially cellulose and hemicellulose, is primarily broken down in these chambers by microbes (mostly bacteria, as well as some protozoa, fungi and yeast) into the three volatile fatty acids (VFAs): acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid. Protein and nonstructural carbohydrate (pectin, sugars, and starches) are also fermented. Though the rumen and reticulum have different names, they represent the same functional space as digesta can move back and forth between them. Together, these chambers are called the reticulorumen. The degraded digesta, which is now in the lower liquid part of the reticulorumen, then passes into the next chamber, the omasum, where water and many of the inorganic mineral elements are absorbed into the blood stream. After this, the digesta is moved to the true stomach, the abomasum. The abomasum is the direct equivalent of the monogastric stomach, and digesta is digested here in much the same way. Digesta is finally moved into the small intestine, where the digestion and absorption of nutrients occurs. Microbes produced in the reticulorumen are also digested in the small intestine. Fermentation continues in the large intestine in the same way as in the reticulorumen.
Only small amounts of glucose are absorbed from dietary carbohydrates. Most dietary carbohydrates are fermented into VFAs in the rumen. The glucose needed as energy for the brain and for lactose and milk fat in milk production, as well as other uses, comes from nonsugar sources, such as the VFA propionate, glycerol, lactate, and protein. The VFA propionate is used for around 7. The Hippopotamidae (comprising hippopotami) are well- known examples. Pseudoruminants, like traditional ruminants, are foregut fermentors and most ruminate or chew cud. However, their anatomy and method of digestion differs significantly from that of a four- chambered ruminant. These hindgut fermenters digest cellulose in an enlarged cecum through the reingestion of the cecotrope. Abundance, distribution, and domestication. Sustainable Parasite Control in Small Ruminants An international workshop sponsored by ACIAR and held in Bogor, Indonesia 22-25 April 1996 Editors: L.E Le J ambre.Small Ruminant Research is published by. Keys to solving health problems in small ruminants. Small Ruminant Research publishes original, basic and applied research articles, technical notes, and review articles on research relating to goats. The importance of small ruminants in the. Nearly 9. 0% of all species are found in Eurasia and Africa. Species inhabit a wide range of climates (from tropic to arctic) and habitats (from open plains to forests). Goats were domesticated in the Near East circa 8. BC. Most other species were domesticated by 2. BC., either in the Near East or southern Asia. One feature of ruminants is their continuously growing teeth. During grazing, the silica content in forage causes abrasion of the teeth. This abrasion is compensated for by continuous tooth growth throughout the ruminant's life, as opposed to humans or other nonruminants, whose teeth stop growing after a particular age. Most ruminants do not have upper incisors; instead, they have a thick dental pad to thoroughly chew plant- based food. Thus, ruminants must completely depend on the microbial flora, present in the rumen or hindgut, to digest cellulose. Digestion of food in the rumen is primarily carried out by the rumen microflora, which contains dense populations of several species of bacteria, protozoa, sometimes yeasts and other fungi - 1 ml of rumen is estimated to contain 1. The hydrolysis of cellulose results in sugars, which are further fermented to acetate, lactate, propionate, butyrate, carbon dioxide, and methane. As bacteria conduct fermentation in the rumen, they consume about 1. The enzyme lysozyme has adapted to facilitate digestion of bacteria in the ruminant abomasum. After digesta pass through the rumen, the omasum absorbs excess fluid so that digestive enzymes and acid in the abomasum are not diluted. Found in the leaf, bud, seed, root, and stem tissues, tannins are widely distributed in many different species of plants. Tannins are separated into two classes: hydrolysable tannins and condensed tannins. Depending on their concentration and nature, either class can have adverse or beneficial effects. Tannins can be beneficial, having been shown to increase milk production, wool growth, ovulation rate, and lambing percentage, as well as reducing bloat risk and reducing internal parasite burdens. Similarly, ideas may be 'chewed on' or 'digested'. The rumen is the major site of methane production in ruminants. Chapter 1 General Biology and Evolution addresses the fact that camelids (including camels and llamas) are not ruminants, pseudo- ruminants, or modified ruminants.^Richard F. Susana Bargo, Early Miocene Paleobiology in Patagonia: High- Latitude Paleocommunities of the Santa Cruz Formation, Cambridge University Press, 1. Rumen Microbiology and its role In Ruminant Nutrition.^. Retrieved 1. 4 July 2. Functional Anatomy and Physiology of Domestic Animals, pages 3. ISBN 9. 78- 0- 7. Colorado State University, Hypertexts for Biomedical Science: Nutrient Absorption and Utilization in Ruminants^Ditchkoff, S. Oecologia, 7. 8: 4. Hackmann. Journal of Dairy Science, 9. Journal of Biosciences. G.; Stackhouse, J.; Benner, S. Journal of Dairy Science. Annales Zoologici Fennici. In Florkin M., Mason H. S. Comparative biochemistry. New York: Academic Press. Tannin- binding proteins in saliva of deer and their absence in saliva of sheep and cattle. Apr; 1. 5(4): 1. 33. PMID 2. 42. 72. 01. BF0. 10. 14. 83. 4^Leviticus 1. Asanuma. T.; Faluvegi, G.; Koch, D. A.; Unger, N.; Bauer, S. Bibcode: 2. 00. 9Sci.. S. T.; Faluvegi, G.; Koch, D. A.; Unger, N.; Bauer, S. See data in Table 4. Ripple, William J.; Pete Smith; Helmut Haberl; Stephen A. Montzka; Clive Mc. Alpine & Douglas H. Nature Climate Change. Methane, biogeochemical cycle. Acad. Press, London, England.
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